On the Prince William Water website, you can find an information page on data centers. The information while true is incomplete and somewhat misleading. Whether this is intentional, I do not know. I think it was intended to be comforting. Over the next couple blog posts I will more fully discuss the issues. In the blog post below the bold face print is what Prince William Water posted the rest is my discussion.
Do data centers use water for cooling?
Data center developers and operators use different
cooling technology – water cooled or air cooled – based on several proprietary
factors. The decision about which cooling technology is used is
owner-determined and project-specific.
Data centers generate heat. Servers and their related
equipment generate a considerable amount of because every watt of power used by
a server is dissipated into the air as heat. Feel the bottom of your own
computer (this is why it is hard to keep the cat off the computer). The amount
of heat output per server varies, depending on the type of chip and configuration.
If the equipment gets too hot it will be destroyed. Data Centers are cooled
using either air conditioning (electricity) or evaporative cooling (water).
Evaporative cooling is more efficient and effective. In hot regions and
with AI chips water cooling is preferred both for cost and heat removal ability.
In a water-cooled system, water-cooled chillers and cooling
towers located on top of the data center roofs produce chilled water, which is
delivered to computer room air conditioners for cooling the entire building.
Some of this water can be recycled through the system more than once,
recirculating the same water through their cooling systems multiple times while
replenishing what evaporates.
According to Google, this practice saves up to 50% of water
when compared with “once-through” cooling systems. However, eventually this
reused water needs to be replaced with new water, due to mineral scale
formation which could damage the cooling equipment or increase the conductivity
of the water which could create static and damage the IT equipment.
The need for new water results from the build-up of calcium,
magnesium, iron, silica, and salt which become concentrated by evaporative
cooling cycles. The amount of water data centers consume also fluctuates based
on seasonal weather conditions. Facilities typically use less water during the
winter months and more during the summer months. We’ve seen this effect in water
use data from Loudoun County.
Loudoun Water presentation to ICPRB showing seasonality of water use |
Data centers are primarily located in the western areas of Prince William County. Western Prince William County drinking water is supplied by Fairfax Water’s Corbalis Water Treatment Plant, which draws from the Potomac River. Once used by data centers in western Prince William County, the wastewater is treated at the Upper Occoquan Service Authority Water Reclamation Plant and released as reclaimed water to the Occoquan Reservoir. In this water cycle, water used from the Potomac is reclaimed and released into the Occoquan Reservoir, adding volume.
The discharged cooling water that is too salty to continue
reusing in the data centers is sent to UOSA wastewater treatment plant. This
plant is not equipped to remove salt and minerals and so ultimately those
excess minerals are mixed with all the other treated wastewater and released
into the Occoquan River and flows right to the Occoquan Reservoir. During
summer months and periods when there is no rain the treated wastewater is a significant
and growing proportion of the water in the Occoquan Reservoir. For two
generations UOSA has been a significant portion of the drinking water supply from
the Griffith Plant which supplies eastern Prince William County through both
American Water and Prince William Water.
The other sources of water to the Occoquan Reservoir are the
streams (and groundwater-more on that Thursday) of the Bull Run water shed that
flows into Bull Run and the streams (and groundwater) in the Occoquan Watershed
that ultimately flow into the Occoquan River.
How much water do data centers use?
Data center water consumption depends on factors such as
facility size, cooling type (water intensive or air cooled) and outdoor
temperature. Prince William County had 34 data centers in 2023. Seasonal
weather affects data center water use; facility water use is lower in winter
and higher in summer. In 2023, data centers in Prince William County consumed
approximately 1.4% of Prince William Water's average daily water demands and 6%
of its maximum daily water demands.
The industry treats water use (and everything else) it as a
trade secret. However, Prince William Water 2023 financial report gives the
water use for Prince William Water, 11,387,000,000 gallons for that year. The 34
data centers that existed in 2023 used in the neighborhood of 159,400,000
gallons of water (from Prince William Water- in addition a single data center
user reported 35,000,000 gallons to DEQ from a well in Manassas). Prince William Water also reports that 6% or
2,700,000 of the 44,400,000 peak use summer day was to data centers. It has
been estimated that data center square footage will more than triple off of the
2023 number in the next 15 years.
from PW Water 2023 Financial report |
The regional water suppliers share the Potomac River as the sole
major regional water resource. The waters of the Potomac are not infinite.
Thirty-five years ago the regional water companies and came together to form
the Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin (ICPRB) and
a cooperative agreement (Co-Op) for planning and sharing the water
resources available regionally.
One of the most important functions of the ICPRB is
that every five years they conduct a study to evaluate whether available water resources
will meet forecasted water demands. The water resources of the Potomac River
are limited. The most recent study accounted for both climate change and growth
and found that if droughts become much
more severe as predicted in the climate forecast, even with the addition of the
reservoirs in various stages of planning and construction: Vulcan Quarry,
Milston Quarry, Travilah Quarry and Luck Stone Quarry B (adding over 13 billion
gallons of water storage) and using water restrictions and demand management
the Potomac River may be unable to meet combined water supply needs and the
environmental flow-by at Little Falls during periods of drought. Even more
water storage would be needed to ensure that during dry periods there is water
for everyone.
Water demand from the Potomac River averaged 453 million
gallons per day (MGD) for the for the last period reported in the study
(2014-2018). The ICPRB projects that average annual water demand will increase
to 501 MGD (10%) by 2040 and to 528 MGD (16%) by 2050. It is not clear how
many data centers were included in the projections (if any), but the good news
is that the ICPRB has a history of not adequately accounting for the adoption
of low flow toilets and water efficient appliances so there may be some wiggle
room in the forecast.
Nonetheless, the demand for water will increase. A wide
range of evidence indicates that the earth has been warming over the past
century and patterns of precipitation are changing. These trends are
likely to continue. Likely changes in temperatures and
precipitation will affect the availability, use, and management of water
resources. The climate projections indicate that the mid-Atlantic states, on
average, are becoming and will continue to get “wetter.” Climate scientists
also warn, however, that floods and droughts will become more
severe. Our water infrastructure will have to include more water
storage to meet a larger demand during longer droughts.
The summer of 2024 was a warm and dry. Though Hurricane
Helene brought rain to us at the end of September, it was followed by the longest
dry period on record -nearly 40 days. We are experiencing drought. Prince
William Water and all regional water companies are attempting demand management
because the flow of the Potomac River Water’s social media post featured November
7th read in part:
“Metropolitan Washington remains under a Drought
Watch, following several months of low rainfall with dry conditions
expected to continue throughout the fall and winter months. The Drought Watch
was enacted in July by the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
(COG).
A "watch" is the second level of COG’s
four-stage regional drought response plan, designed to monitor water levels and
address drought conditions throughout the year. Despite the current conditions,
regional officials emphasize that there is an adequate supply of water in the
Potomac River and back-up reservoirs.
We encourage customers to practice wise water use for
indoor activities—like washing clothes and dishes, showering, and brushing your
teeth--and for outside uses like watering their lawns or washing their cars.
Prince William Water has wise water use tips available below. If you are
continuing to water your lawn, we recommend following the outdoor watering
schedule below…” Prince William Water goes on to give an alternate day watering
schedule and recommendations on how homeowners can reduce water usage.
Everything is fine, but please conserve water. Meanwhile,
Prince William Water states that they can purchase additional water supply
capacity from Fairfax Water.
from Prince William Water |
Can Prince William Water support the water demands of proposed data centers and residential/commercial development included in the Prince William County Comprehensive Plan and recent land use policies?
Yes. Prince William Water can support development
activity as envisioned in the Prince William County Comprehensive Plan,
including the latest Comprehensive Plan update which included the Digital
Gateway, with capacity currently owned by Prince William Water supplemented
with the purchase of additional capacity when needed from Fairfax Water.
As specific land use applications are submitted
with the related water requirements, Prince William Water will continuously
monitor and assess the availability of existing water supply and, if necessary,
the required timing to purchase additional capacity from Fairfax Water. Any
additional capacity from Fairfax Water would be withdrawn from the Potomac
River.
Meanwhile the ICPRB and Fairfax Water are working to build
enough water storge in the system to meet the expected demand. There is a limit
to how much water can be captured by reservoirs- it is not infinite. As more treatment and watr storage needs to be
installed in the Fairfax Water system, the cost of the Between 2022 and 2023 the
cost of the water purchased (and a little less was purchased in 2023 than 2022)
increase by 20%.